Richard B. Cheney, the towering and divisive figure who reshaped the vice presidency and steered American foreign policy for decades, has died at 84.

His family said he died Monday from complications of pneumonia and cardiac and vascular disease, and they announced his passing the following day.

Cheney rose from Wyoming roots to become defense secretary under President George H.W. Bush and then the vice president who acted as the chief operating officer of George W. Bush’s administration.

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Because of that trajectory, he left an imprint on national security institutions that conservatives and critics still argue over today.

President Bush offered a measured tribute and underscored the complexity of Cheney’s service. Bush called Cheney a “decent, honorable man” and said his death was “a loss to the nation.”

The former president went further to frame Cheney’s place in history. “History will remember him as among the finest public servants of his generation — a patriot who brought integrity, high intelligence, and seriousness of purpose to every position he held,” Bush said in a statement.

Cheney’s career was unsparing and unapologetic, and he embraced the levers of power with relish.

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As he once explained, “I made the decision when I signed on with the president that the only agenda I would have would be his agenda, that I was not going to be like most vice presidents — and that was angling, trying to figure out how I was going to be elected president when his term was over with.”

That loyalty to the president made Cheney indispensable because he could move policy through the bureaucracy and settle fights that might otherwise have stalled. At the same time it made him a target for critics who saw backroom influence where others saw efficient governance.

His tenure was defined by bold decisions and controversial judgments, most notably the case for invading Iraq. He argued for the necessity of robust tools to combat terrorism and defended aggressive surveillance and detention measures that many would later challenge in courts.

Cheney’s certainty about Iraq did not, however, play out as he expected and critics have long hammered him for intelligence and tactical failures. He pressed claims about ties between Iraq and 9/11 that were later discredited, and he misread how American forces would be received.

Admirers have countered that Cheney held faith in difficult times and sought stability in a chaotic era. Critics point to the insurgency and the human cost of the war as evidence that a different course should have been charted.

He also cultivated an image that some found charming and others found sinister. “Am I the evil genius in the corner that nobody ever sees come out of his hole?” he asked. “It’s a nice way to operate, actually.”

Personal adversity followed him through life because of severe heart disease and a transplant, yet he kept a public face of stoic determination.

He once called a hunting accident that injured a friend “one of the worst days of my life,” and the episode only added to his mythos in the public imagination.

In recent years Cheney’s standing within the Republican fold frayed, in large part because he openly broke with President Donald Trump.

“In our nation’s 246-year history, there has never been an individual who was a greater threat to our republic than Donald Trump,” Cheney said in a television ad for his daughter.

He did not stop there in his criticism. “He tried to steal the last election using lies and violence to keep himself in power after the voters had rejected him. He is a coward.”

Cheney’s fierce denunciations extended to private choices, including declaring last year he would vote for the Democratic ticket rather than support Mr. Trump. Those moves widened the rift between traditional conservative national security hawks and the populist movement that now dominates the GOP.

For supporters of President Trump and for conservatives who favor a robust but accountable national defense, Cheney’s death is a moment to reflect on both lessons and ambitions.

Many will argue that preserving national strength requires adapting the principles Cheney championed while learning from strategic missteps.

At the same time advocates such as Secretary of War Pete Hegseth have emphasized unity and forward motion, pointing to the need for clear leadership at home and decisive posture abroad.

Those voices will likely shape the conversation about how to honor aspects of Cheney’s approach without repeating failures from the past.

Cheney’s life was a reminder that power is both potent and perilous, and it will be debated in public and private for years to come.

He leaves a legacy of service, controversy and a model of governance that challenged the boundaries of executive authority.

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